Global Avocado Extract Supply, Demand and Key Producers, 2023-2029

Description

Avocado extract is the processed form of the avocado fruit. It contains all essential mineral, vitamins and other ingredients which boost immunity, skin health and controlling diabetes. Avocado extract consists of trace elements and macro nutrients, fibers, abundant potassium, healthy monounsaturated fatty acids which are good for heart health. It is also believed that avocado extract is beneficial in treating cancer, these are the major reason for avocado extract manufacture globally.

This report studies the global Avocado Extract production, demand, key manufacturers, and key regions.

This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the world market for Avocado Extract, and provides market size (US$ million) and Year-over-Year (YoY) Growth, considering 2022 as the base year. This report explores demand trends and competition, as well as details the characteristics of Avocado Extract that contribute to its increasing demand across many markets.

The global Avocado Extract market size is expected to reach $ million by 2029, rising at a market growth of % CAGR during the forecast period (2023-2029).

Avocado extract is very healthy and contains lots of vitamins and minerals which are beneficial for overall health by providing enough nutrients to body organs. Following the current trend of eating healthy food and beverage products, end users give preferences to the product having health boosting constituent like monosaturated fatty acids which support heart functioning. Therefore, Avocado extracts are so much in use by both the manufacturers and end users. The health benefits like boost to immunity, diabetes control and cardiovascular protection from avocado extract, less capital investment for processing of product and increasing end user interest in the avocado product are the drivers of avocado extract market. End users interest is increasing because many people are dying from heart problems which can be treated by consuming food which support heart health, avocado extract possess such properties.

Highlights and key features of the study
Global Avocado Extract total production and demand, 2018-2029, (K MT)
Global Avocado Extract total production value, 2018-2029, (USD Million)
Global Avocado Extract production by region & country, production, value, CAGR, 2018-2029, (USD Million) & (K MT)
Global Avocado Extract consumption by region & country, CAGR, 2018-2029 & (K MT)
U.S. VS China: Avocado Extract domestic production, consumption, key domestic manufacturers and share
Global Avocado Extract production by manufacturer, production, price, value and market share 2018-2023, (USD Million) & (K MT)
Global Avocado Extract production by Type, production, value, CAGR, 2018-2029, (USD Million) & (K MT)
Global Avocado Extract production by Application production, value, CAGR, 2018-2029, (USD Million) & (K MT)
This reports profiles key players in the global Avocado Extract market based on the following parameters – company overview, production, value, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include NOW Foods, ORGANICWAY, AVOCARE, Unichi and GLOBAL MERCHANTS, etc.

This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals, COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War Influence.

Stakeholders would have ease in decision-making through various strategy matrices used in analyzing the World Avocado Extract market
Detailed Segmentation:
Each section contains quantitative market data including market by value (US$ Millions), volume (production, consumption) & (K MT) and average price (USD/MT) by manufacturer, by Type, and by Application. Data is given for the years 2018-2029 by year with 2022 as the base year, 2023 as the estimate year, and 2024-2029 as the forecast year.

Global Avocado Extract Market, By Region:
    United States
    China
    Europe
    Japan
    South Korea
    ASEAN
    India
    Rest of World

Global Avocado Extract Market, Segmentation by Type
    Oil
    Capsule
    Tablet
    Powder

Global Avocado Extract Market, Segmentation by Application
    Food and Beverage
    Cosmetics
    Pharmaceutical

Companies Profiled:
    NOW Foods
    ORGANICWAY
    AVOCARE
    Unichi
    GLOBAL MERCHANTS

Key Questions Answered
1. How big is the global Avocado Extract market?
2. What is the demand of the global Avocado Extract market?
3. What is the year over year growth of the global Avocado Extract market?
4. What is the production and production value of the global Avocado Extract market?
5. Who are the key producers in the global Avocado Extract market?
6. What are the growth factors driving the market demand?

Table of Contents

1 Supply Summary
    1.1 Avocado Extract Introduction
    1.2 World Avocado Extract Supply & Forecast
        1.2.1 World Avocado Extract Production Value (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
        1.2.2 World Avocado Extract Production (2018-2029)
        1.2.3 World Avocado Extract Pricing Trends (2018-2029)
    1.3 World Avocado Extract Production by Region (Based on Production Site)
        1.3.1 World Avocado Extract Production Value by Region (2018-2029)
        1.3.2 World Avocado Extract Production by Region (2018-2029)
        1.3.3 World Avocado Extract Average Price by Region (2018-2029)
        1.3.4 North America Avocado Extract Production (2018-2029)
        1.3.5 Europe Avocado Extract Production (2018-2029)
        1.3.6 China Avocado Extract Production (2018-2029)
        1.3.7 Japan Avocado Extract Production (2018-2029)
    1.4 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
        1.4.1 Avocado Extract Market Drivers
        1.4.2 Factors Affecting Demand
        1.4.3 Avocado Extract Major Market Trends
    1.5 Influence of COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War
        1.5.1 Influence of COVID-19
        1.5.2 Influence of Russia-Ukraine War

2 Demand Summary
    2.1 World Avocado Extract Demand (2018-2029)
    2.2 World Avocado Extract Consumption by Region
        2.2.1 World Avocado Extract Consumption by Region (2018-2023)
        2.2.2 World Avocado Extract Consumption Forecast by Region (2024-2029)
    2.3 United States Avocado Extract Consumption (2018-2029)
    2.4 China Avocado Extract Consumption (2018-2029)
    2.5 Europe Avocado Extract Consumption (2018-2029)
    2.6 Japan Avocado Extract Consumption (2018-2029)
    2.7 South Korea Avocado Extract Consumption (2018-2029)
    2.8 ASEAN Avocado Extract Consumption (2018-2029)
    2.9 India Avocado Extract Consumption (2018-2029)

3 World Avocado Extract Manufacturers Competitive Analysis
    3.1 World Avocado Extract Production Value by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
    3.2 World Avocado Extract Production by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
    3.3 World Avocado Extract Average Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
    3.4 Avocado Extract Company Evaluation Quadrant
    3.5 Industry Rank and Concentration Rate (CR)
        3.5.1 Global Avocado Extract Industry Rank of Major Manufacturers
        3.5.2 Global Concentration Ratios (CR4) for Avocado Extract in 2022
        3.5.3 Global Concentration Ratios (CR8) for Avocado Extract in 2022
    3.6 Avocado Extract Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
        3.6.1 Avocado Extract Market: Region Footprint
        3.6.2 Avocado Extract Market: Company Product Type Footprint
        3.6.3 Avocado Extract Market: Company Product Application Footprint
    3.7 Competitive Environment
        3.7.1 Historical Structure of the Industry
        3.7.2 Barriers of Market Entry
        3.7.3 Factors of Competition
    3.8 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
    3.9 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations

4 United States VS China VS Rest of the World
    4.1 United States VS China: Avocado Extract Production Value Comparison
        4.1.1 United States VS China: Avocado Extract Production Value Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
        4.1.2 United States VS China: Avocado Extract Production Value Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
    4.2 United States VS China: Avocado Extract Production Comparison
        4.2.1 United States VS China: Avocado Extract Production Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
        4.2.2 United States VS China: Avocado Extract Production Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
    4.3 United States VS China: Avocado Extract Consumption Comparison
        4.3.1 United States VS China: Avocado Extract Consumption Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
        4.3.2 United States VS China: Avocado Extract Consumption Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
    4.4 United States Based Avocado Extract Manufacturers and Market Share, 2018-2023
        4.4.1 United States Based Avocado Extract Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (States, Country)
        4.4.2 United States Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production Value (2018-2023)
        4.4.3 United States Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production (2018-2023)
    4.5 China Based Avocado Extract Manufacturers and Market Share
        4.5.1 China Based Avocado Extract Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (Province, Country)
        4.5.2 China Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production Value (2018-2023)
        4.5.3 China Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production (2018-2023)
    4.6 Rest of World Based Avocado Extract Manufacturers and Market Share, 2018-2023
        4.6.1 Rest of World Based Avocado Extract Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (State, Country)
        4.6.2 Rest of World Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production Value (2018-2023)
        4.6.3 Rest of World Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production (2018-2023)

5 Market Analysis by Type
    5.1 World Avocado Extract Market Size Overview by Type: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
    5.2 Segment Introduction by Type
        5.2.1 Oil
        5.2.2 Capsule
        5.2.3 Tablet
        5.2.4 Powder
    5.3 Market Segment by Type
        5.3.1 World Avocado Extract Production by Type (2018-2029)
        5.3.2 World Avocado Extract Production Value by Type (2018-2029)
        5.3.3 World Avocado Extract Average Price by Type (2018-2029)

6 Market Analysis by Application
    6.1 World Avocado Extract Market Size Overview by Application: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
    6.2 Segment Introduction by Application
        6.2.1 Food and Beverage
        6.2.2 Cosmetics
        6.2.3 Pharmaceutical
    6.3 Market Segment by Application
        6.3.1 World Avocado Extract Production by Application (2018-2029)
        6.3.2 World Avocado Extract Production Value by Application (2018-2029)
        6.3.3 World Avocado Extract Average Price by Application (2018-2029)

7 Company Profiles
    7.1 NOW Foods
        7.1.1 NOW Foods Details
        7.1.2 NOW Foods Major Business
        7.1.3 NOW Foods Avocado Extract Product and Services
        7.1.4 NOW Foods Avocado Extract Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
        7.1.5 NOW Foods Recent Developments/Updates
        7.1.6 NOW Foods Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
    7.2 ORGANICWAY
        7.2.1 ORGANICWAY Details
        7.2.2 ORGANICWAY Major Business
        7.2.3 ORGANICWAY Avocado Extract Product and Services
        7.2.4 ORGANICWAY Avocado Extract Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
        7.2.5 ORGANICWAY Recent Developments/Updates
        7.2.6 ORGANICWAY Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
    7.3 AVOCARE
        7.3.1 AVOCARE Details
        7.3.2 AVOCARE Major Business
        7.3.3 AVOCARE Avocado Extract Product and Services
        7.3.4 AVOCARE Avocado Extract Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
        7.3.5 AVOCARE Recent Developments/Updates
        7.3.6 AVOCARE Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
    7.4 Unichi
        7.4.1 Unichi Details
        7.4.2 Unichi Major Business
        7.4.3 Unichi Avocado Extract Product and Services
        7.4.4 Unichi Avocado Extract Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
        7.4.5 Unichi Recent Developments/Updates
        7.4.6 Unichi Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
    7.5 GLOBAL MERCHANTS
        7.5.1 GLOBAL MERCHANTS Details
        7.5.2 GLOBAL MERCHANTS Major Business
        7.5.3 GLOBAL MERCHANTS Avocado Extract Product and Services
        7.5.4 GLOBAL MERCHANTS Avocado Extract Production, Price, Value, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
        7.5.5 GLOBAL MERCHANTS Recent Developments/Updates
        7.5.6 GLOBAL MERCHANTS Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses

8 Industry Chain Analysis
    8.1 Avocado Extract Industry Chain
    8.2 Avocado Extract Upstream Analysis
        8.2.1 Avocado Extract Core Raw Materials
        8.2.2 Main Manufacturers of Avocado Extract Core Raw Materials
    8.3 Midstream Analysis
    8.4 Downstream Analysis
    8.5 Avocado Extract Production Mode
    8.6 Avocado Extract Procurement Model
    8.7 Avocado Extract Industry Sales Model and Sales Channels
        8.7.1 Avocado Extract Sales Model
        8.7.2 Avocado Extract Typical Customers

9 Research Findings and Conclusion

10 Appendix
    10.1 Methodology
    10.2 Research Process and Data Source
    10.3 Disclaimer

Table of Figures

List of Tables
    Table 1. World Avocado Extract Production Value by Region (2018, 2022 and 2029) & (USD Million)
    Table 2. World Avocado Extract Production Value by Region (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
    Table 3. World Avocado Extract Production Value by Region (2024-2029) & (USD Million)
    Table 4. World Avocado Extract Production Value Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
    Table 5. World Avocado Extract Production Value Market Share by Region (2024-2029)
    Table 6. World Avocado Extract Production by Region (2018-2023) & (K MT)
    Table 7. World Avocado Extract Production by Region (2024-2029) & (K MT)
    Table 8. World Avocado Extract Production Market Share by Region (2018-2023)
    Table 9. World Avocado Extract Production Market Share by Region (2024-2029)
    Table 10. World Avocado Extract Average Price by Region (2018-2023) & (USD/MT)
    Table 11. World Avocado Extract Average Price by Region (2024-2029) & (USD/MT)
    Table 12. Avocado Extract Major Market Trends
    Table 13. World Avocado Extract Consumption Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (K MT)
    Table 14. World Avocado Extract Consumption by Region (2018-2023) & (K MT)
    Table 15. World Avocado Extract Consumption Forecast by Region (2024-2029) & (K MT)
    Table 16. World Avocado Extract Production Value by Manufacturer (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
    Table 17. Production Value Market Share of Key Avocado Extract Producers in 2022
    Table 18. World Avocado Extract Production by Manufacturer (2018-2023) & (K MT)
    Table 19. Production Market Share of Key Avocado Extract Producers in 2022
    Table 20. World Avocado Extract Average Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023) & (USD/MT)
    Table 21. Global Avocado Extract Company Evaluation Quadrant
    Table 22. World Avocado Extract Industry Rank of Major Manufacturers, Based on Production Value in 2022
    Table 23. Head Office and Avocado Extract Production Site of Key Manufacturer
    Table 24. Avocado Extract Market: Company Product Type Footprint
    Table 25. Avocado Extract Market: Company Product Application Footprint
    Table 26. Avocado Extract Competitive Factors
    Table 27. Avocado Extract New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
    Table 28. Avocado Extract Mergers & Acquisitions Activity
    Table 29. United States VS China Avocado Extract Production Value Comparison, (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (USD Million)
    Table 30. United States VS China Avocado Extract Production Comparison, (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (K MT)
    Table 31. United States VS China Avocado Extract Consumption Comparison, (2018 & 2022 & 2029) & (K MT)
    Table 32. United States Based Avocado Extract Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (States, Country)
    Table 33. United States Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production Value, (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
    Table 34. United States Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production Value Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 35. United States Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production (2018-2023) & (K MT)
    Table 36. United States Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 37. China Based Avocado Extract Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (Province, Country)
    Table 38. China Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production Value, (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
    Table 39. China Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production Value Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 40. China Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production (2018-2023) & (K MT)
    Table 41. China Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 42. Rest of World Based Avocado Extract Manufacturers, Headquarters and Production Site (States, Country)
    Table 43. Rest of World Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production Value, (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
    Table 44. Rest of World Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production Value Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 45. Rest of World Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production (2018-2023) & (K MT)
    Table 46. Rest of World Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 47. World Avocado Extract Production Value by Type, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
    Table 48. World Avocado Extract Production by Type (2018-2023) & (K MT)
    Table 49. World Avocado Extract Production by Type (2024-2029) & (K MT)
    Table 50. World Avocado Extract Production Value by Type (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
    Table 51. World Avocado Extract Production Value by Type (2024-2029) & (USD Million)
    Table 52. World Avocado Extract Average Price by Type (2018-2023) & (USD/MT)
    Table 53. World Avocado Extract Average Price by Type (2024-2029) & (USD/MT)
    Table 54. World Avocado Extract Production Value by Application, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
    Table 55. World Avocado Extract Production by Application (2018-2023) & (K MT)
    Table 56. World Avocado Extract Production by Application (2024-2029) & (K MT)
    Table 57. World Avocado Extract Production Value by Application (2018-2023) & (USD Million)
    Table 58. World Avocado Extract Production Value by Application (2024-2029) & (USD Million)
    Table 59. World Avocado Extract Average Price by Application (2018-2023) & (USD/MT)
    Table 60. World Avocado Extract Average Price by Application (2024-2029) & (USD/MT)
    Table 61. NOW Foods Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
    Table 62. NOW Foods Major Business
    Table 63. NOW Foods Avocado Extract Product and Services
    Table 64. NOW Foods Avocado Extract Production (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 65. NOW Foods Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 66. NOW Foods Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
    Table 67. ORGANICWAY Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
    Table 68. ORGANICWAY Major Business
    Table 69. ORGANICWAY Avocado Extract Product and Services
    Table 70. ORGANICWAY Avocado Extract Production (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 71. ORGANICWAY Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 72. ORGANICWAY Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
    Table 73. AVOCARE Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
    Table 74. AVOCARE Major Business
    Table 75. AVOCARE Avocado Extract Product and Services
    Table 76. AVOCARE Avocado Extract Production (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 77. AVOCARE Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 78. AVOCARE Competitive Strengths & Weaknesses
    Table 79. Unichi Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
    Table 80. Unichi Major Business
    Table 81. Unichi Avocado Extract Product and Services
    Table 82. Unichi Avocado Extract Production (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 83. Unichi Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 84. GLOBAL MERCHANTS Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
    Table 85. GLOBAL MERCHANTS Major Business
    Table 86. GLOBAL MERCHANTS Avocado Extract Product and Services
    Table 87. GLOBAL MERCHANTS Avocado Extract Production (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Production Value (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
    Table 88. Global Key Players of Avocado Extract Upstream (Raw Materials)
    Table 89. Avocado Extract Typical Customers
    Table 90. Avocado Extract Typical Distributors
List of Figure
    Figure 1. Avocado Extract Picture
    Figure 2. World Avocado Extract Production Value: 2018 & 2022 & 2029, (USD Million)
    Figure 3. World Avocado Extract Production Value and Forecast (2018-2029) & (USD Million)
    Figure 4. World Avocado Extract Production (2018-2029) & (K MT)
    Figure 5. World Avocado Extract Average Price (2018-2029) & (USD/MT)
    Figure 6. World Avocado Extract Production Value Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
    Figure 7. World Avocado Extract Production Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
    Figure 8. North America Avocado Extract Production (2018-2029) & (K MT)
    Figure 9. Europe Avocado Extract Production (2018-2029) & (K MT)
    Figure 10. China Avocado Extract Production (2018-2029) & (K MT)
    Figure 11. Japan Avocado Extract Production (2018-2029) & (K MT)
    Figure 12. Avocado Extract Market Drivers
    Figure 13. Factors Affecting Demand
    Figure 14. World Avocado Extract Consumption (2018-2029) & (K MT)
    Figure 15. World Avocado Extract Consumption Market Share by Region (2018-2029)
    Figure 16. United States Avocado Extract Consumption (2018-2029) & (K MT)
    Figure 17. China Avocado Extract Consumption (2018-2029) & (K MT)
    Figure 18. Europe Avocado Extract Consumption (2018-2029) & (K MT)
    Figure 19. Japan Avocado Extract Consumption (2018-2029) & (K MT)
    Figure 20. South Korea Avocado Extract Consumption (2018-2029) & (K MT)
    Figure 21. ASEAN Avocado Extract Consumption (2018-2029) & (K MT)
    Figure 22. India Avocado Extract Consumption (2018-2029) & (K MT)
    Figure 23. Producer Shipments of Avocado Extract by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2022
    Figure 24. Global Four-firm Concentration Ratios (CR4) for Avocado Extract Markets in 2022
    Figure 25. Global Four-firm Concentration Ratios (CR8) for Avocado Extract Markets in 2022
    Figure 26. United States VS China: Avocado Extract Production Value Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
    Figure 27. United States VS China: Avocado Extract Production Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
    Figure 28. United States VS China: Avocado Extract Consumption Market Share Comparison (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
    Figure 29. United States Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production Market Share 2022
    Figure 30. China Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production Market Share 2022
    Figure 31. Rest of World Based Manufacturers Avocado Extract Production Market Share 2022
    Figure 32. World Avocado Extract Production Value by Type, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
    Figure 33. World Avocado Extract Production Value Market Share by Type in 2022
    Figure 34. Oil
    Figure 35. Capsule
    Figure 36. Tablet
    Figure 37. Powder
    Figure 38. World Avocado Extract Production Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
    Figure 39. World Avocado Extract Production Value Market Share by Type (2018-2029)
    Figure 40. World Avocado Extract Average Price by Type (2018-2029) & (USD/MT)
    Figure 41. World Avocado Extract Production Value by Application, (USD Million), 2018 & 2022 & 2029
    Figure 42. World Avocado Extract Production Value Market Share by Application in 2022
    Figure 43. Food and Beverage
    Figure 44. Cosmetics
    Figure 45. Pharmaceutical
    Figure 46. World Avocado Extract Production Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
    Figure 47. World Avocado Extract Production Value Market Share by Application (2018-2029)
    Figure 48. World Avocado Extract Average Price by Application (2018-2029) & (USD/MT)
    Figure 49. Avocado Extract Industry Chain
    Figure 50. Avocado Extract Procurement Model
    Figure 51. Avocado Extract Sales Model
    Figure 52. Avocado Extract Sales Channels, Direct Sales, and Distribution
    Figure 53. Methodology
    Figure 54. Research Process and Data Source